How CRISPR/Cas9 works to edit genes? || Simple Step by Step Explanation with example in 5 minutes

Name: How CRISPR/Cas9 works to edit genes? || Simple Step by Step Explanation with example in 5 minutes | Open Video
Uploaded: 2023-07-16T07:33:05+00:00
Duration: 4 min 34 s

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Do we have a technology to edit our DNA precisely? Yes, now we have CRISPR-Cas9, a specific gene
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editing tool that help us to modify, delete or correct precise regions of our DNA. Using this
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simple illustration by CB Insights, let us understand how CRISPR-Cas9 works within 5 minutes
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Let's begin with what do you mean by this CRISPR and Cas9. This CRISPR means clustered
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regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. That means these are repeats that is present in
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the genome. Whereas Cas9 is a CRISPR associated endonucleus that cut DNA at a location specified
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by a Kade RNA. So it is simply an enzyme that cuts DNA. The system is discovered in bacteria
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It is a part of bacterial defense system against viral attack. Now this system is considered as a
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versatile gene editing tool that revolutionize medicine Now let us see how CRISPR works Let take a simple example Suppose this patient X has sickle cell disease that is caused by a single DNA letter mutation We all know that
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sickle cell disease is a disease that is caused by a base pair substitution. So here it is CTC
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this thiamine is replaced by adenine as a result this glutamic acid is replaced
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by another amino acid, valine that results in the formation of sickle cells
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so first step is we'll be making a gate RNA so scientists create gate RNA that
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matches to this target sequence a gate RNA is a short piece of RNA that is
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complementary to the target DNA sequence it is called as kade RNA as it kades
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Cas9 enzyme to the specific DNA sequence for cleavage or to make that specific
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cut. So if the sequence is known scientists can prepare kade RNA that can
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specifically target specific DNA sequence or complementary DNA sequence Next this is complex with Cas9 enzyme So Cas9 is a molecular scissor that can cut DNA molecule So Cas9 and K
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forms a complex, Cas9 K-RNA complex and that is used to correct this mutation. The cells of patient
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X receives this RNA-Cas9 mix. This is what is actually happening. This KD RNA identifies the
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mutated DNA that causes sickle cell disease. Now clinical trials are going on. What is happening is
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from the patient will be isolating hematopoietic stem cell or progenitor cell with mutant beta
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globin gene and that is causing the sickle cell red blood cells. So this is having this mutated
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tea and using CRISPR-Cas9 editing tool we'll be replacing this tea with A or
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adenine so that that mutation is nullified. As a result this hematopoietic
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stem cells will become normal or wild type beta globin gene and that can produce healthy red cells and that is infuse back or encraft back into the patient bone marrow that can produce healthy
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red blood cells. So this Cas9 gate RNA complex is used to edit the genome of hematopoietic stem
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cells. So Cas9 cuts out that defective part or defective mutated DNA sequence gated by this
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k-RNA, then this DNA repair system, insert a healthy DNA sequence to replace that mutated
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sequence or we will be providing a correct copy of the DNA. So it will be inserted by
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homologous recombination. If everything works fine, the patient X will be producing blood cells
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with wild type gene without that mutated DNA. So that patient no longer suffers from sickle cell
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disease. So this is how CRISPR-Cas9 works. Hopefully we'll be discussing the details of
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this CRISPR-Cas9 in the next video. Till then take care. Stay blessed. Thank you so much for

How CRISPR/Cas9 works to edit genes? || Simple Step by Step Explanation with example in 5 minutes

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How CRISPR/Cas9 works to edit genes? || Simple Step by Step Explanation with example in 5 minutes

biologyexams4u.com