SYLLABUS ZOOLOGY
MODULE I: SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTIONARY
BIOLOGY
1. SYSTEMATICS
• Basic
concepts , Importance and applications
• Trends
-Chemotaxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, Molecular taxonomy, Cladistics, Numerical
taxonomy
• Dimensions
of speciation, Species concept, Theories of biological classification,
Hierarchy
of
categories.
• Procedural
keys- Taxonomic procedures- Collection, Preservation, Curating, Identification.
• Taxonomic
keys- Merits and demerits; ICZN, Formation of scientific names of various taxa.
2. EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
An outline
of evolutionary theories: Darwinism, Lamarckism, Modern synthesis (not in
detail).
Origin of higher
categories- Punctuated equilibrium- Macroevolution-
MicroevolutionCoevolution-Founder principle- C-value paradox-Concept of
molecular clockCytochrome C- Haemoglobin-Histone.
MODULE II: PHYSIOLOGY
AND BIOCHEMISTRY.
I.
PHYSIOLOGY
1. Nutrition
and Digestion
• Types of
nutrition
• Mechanism
of Digestion , Absorption
• Gastro
intestinal hormones
• Deficiency
diseases of nutrients.
2.
Circulatory Physiology
• Physiology
of cardiac muscles
• cardiac
cycle
• Electrical
properties
• conducting
system of heart
• Blood
pressure
• Blood
volume
• pressure
control - integrated system.
3. Nerve
Physiology
• Nerve
action potential
• conduction
of nerve impulse
• Synapse
• Synaptic
transmission
•
Neurotransmitters.
4. Excretory
physiology
5.
Respiratory physiology
6. Muscle
physiology
7.
Endocrinology
• Major
Endocrine glands and their hormones and functions
• Mechanism
of hormone action.
II. BIOCHEMISTRY
Biomolecules
•
Carbohydrates: Classification, Structure, Properties, Functions.
• Proteins:
Classification, Structure, Properties, Functions.
• Lipids:
Classification, Structure, Properties, functions.
Enzymes:
Mechanism of enzyme action. Factors affecting enzyme action, Enzyme kinetics,
MentonMichaelis kinetics, Substrate concentration, Enzyme inhibition and regulation,
Isozyme, Coenzyme,
Ribozymes.
Metabolism
of carbohydrate: Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Pentose phosphate pathway,
Glycogenesis,
Glucogenesis,
Gluconeogenesis, Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.
Metabolism
of protein: Deamination, Transamination,
Metabolism
of Lipids: B oxidation, Synthesis of Fatty acid, Biosynthesis of
cholesterol.
Energy
metabolism: Oxidative metabolism, Oxidative phosphorylation,
Chemiosmotic
theory .
MODULE III:
MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
I. MICROBIOLOGY
•
Classification of Microorganisms- Berg's manual.
• Salient
features of Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae.
• Bacterial
Cell- Structure and function
• Bacterial
Cell wall- Peptidoglycan, Gram's positive and Gram's negative, Mechanism of
Gram's
staining.
• Bacterial
culture media
• Growth
curves
2.
Industrial Microbiology: Fermentation.
II: IMMUNOLOGY
• Types of
immunity - Innate, Acquired, Passive, Active, Cell mediated.
• Cells of
primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
• Cells and
organs of immune system.
III.
Immunogens [ Antigen]
• General
properties- Structure and function, Variability and Diversity.
• Factors
affecting antigenicity
• Epitopes
and haptens
• Adjuvants.
IV.
Immunoglobulins [Antibodies]
• General
properties- Structure and function
• Different
classes- Ig A, IgD, IgE, IgM
•
Variability and Diversity
• Monoclonal
and polyclonal antibodies
V. Antigen
Antibody interaction
Complement system- Classical pathway,
Alternate, cell mediated and humoral reactions.
VI.
Transplantation
MHC genes,
Auto-immune diseases.
MODULE IV CELL,
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
CELL
Cell
membrane- Structure and function.
Cell
organelles with special reference to Mitochondria and Ribosomes
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
•
Organization of eukaryotic genome, gene content and genomic size complexity of
eukaryotic
genome,
conserved exons and recombination
• DNA
replication , Repair and Recombination
•
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication. Enzyme involved in replication. DNA
damage and
repair.
•
Transcription and RNA processing
•
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic transcription, Binding of transcription
complexes,
Post -transcriptional processing .
•
Translation- prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, Translational
machinery, mechanism
of
initiation, elongation and termination, Post-translational modification of
protein.
• Gene
regulation mechanism in Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes
•
Transcriptional signals-TATA, CAAT box, Enhancers.
A. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Gene
cloning.
• Major
steps in cloning, Isolation and purification of genes.
• Vectors-
properties of an ideal vector, different types [ plasmids, Ti plasmid,
bacteriophages, cosmids,
phagemids,
artificial chromosomes].
• Enzymes in
gene cloning.
• Probes and
molecular markers [RFLP, RAPD, AFLP].
•
Homoploymer tailing, linkers and adapters.
BGenetic
engineering techniques.
B1
Polymerase Chain reaction, DNA finger printing, Blotting techniques [ Northern,
Southern ,
Western blottings, Dot blot, Slot blot].
B2 DNA
sequencing - Maxam-Gilbert method, Sanger-Coulson method. Chromosome
jumping,
Genomic library and cDNA library, Site specific mutagenesis and gene targeting,
Human genome
project, Human gene therapy, and other genome projects.
B3 Transgenic animals.
MODULE V: GENETICS
AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
I. GENETICS.
• Mendelian
principles of genetics- Laws , Linkage, Crossing over, Mutation, DNA,
Types of
DNA, RNA, Types of RNA.
• Lyon
hypothesis.
• Syndromes-
Klinefelter, Down, Turner.
• Genetic
code.
II. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
•
Gametogenesis, Fertilization and early development - Cleavage, Blastulation,
gastrulation,
Organogeny.
•
Experimental Embryology.
• Embryonic
induction.
MODULE VI: ECOLOGY,
ETHOLOGY , BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND BIOSTATISTICS
1. ECOLOGY:
Definitions-
Habit and habitat, Ecological niche, Ecosystem, Population ecology, Community
ecology,
Ecological
succession, Pollution, Global warming.
2.ETHOLOGY
Learning
behaviour, Communication behaviour, Motivation.
3.BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Biodiversity
concept, status in India, Value, Loss and causes of loss.
Indices, Hot
spots of Biodiversity.
In situ and
Ex-situ conservation.
4.BIOSTATISTICS
Mean,
Median, Mode, Standard deviation; Graphical representation of data.
BIOPHYSICS, BIOINFORMATICS AND COMPUTER
APPLICATION
1.
INSTRUMENTATION
• Scanning
electron microscope, Transmission electron microscope
•
Electrophoresis- Gel, PAGE, Agarose, 2D- Immunoelectrophoresis, Fluorescent
• HPLC, Flow
cytometry
• NMR
spectroscopy- Mass, Plasma , Atomic
• X-ray
diffraction
• ELISA
2.
BIOINFORMATICS
Proteomics,
Genomics, Data bases - Primary and Secondary, Search engines.
Transgenic
animals, Stem cell research, IPR, Carbon trading, Ecological foot printing,
Treaties and protocols
related to
climate change.
MODULE – VII
Recent developments in Zoology
Practice : HSST ZOOLOGY 2022